{"id":4003,"date":"2022-06-20T05:31:54","date_gmt":"2022-06-20T05:31:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oceanpanel.org\/?post_type=perspective&p=4003"},"modified":"2025-01-27T18:58:59","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T18:58:59","slug":"dr-ray-mutinda-ndivo-equity-ensuring-everyone-can-benefit-from-ocean-tourism","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/oceanpanel.org\/zh\/perspective\/dr-ray-mutinda-ndivo-equity-ensuring-everyone-can-benefit-from-ocean-tourism\/","title":{"rendered":"Ray Mutinda Ndivo \u535a\u58eb \u2014 \u516c\u5e73\uff1a\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u4ece\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u786e\u4fdd\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u516c\u5e73\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5e72\u9884<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u52aa\u529b\u6df1\u5316\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u904f\u5236\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d41\u5931\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f[14]<\/a>.\u5df2\u7ecf\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u3002<\/p>\n

1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 1980 \u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u6276\u8d2b\u65c5\u6e38 (PPT) \u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5229\u7528\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u8d2b\u56f0[15]<\/a>.\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u589e\u957f\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u4e00\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u7a77\u4eba[16]<\/a>. PPT \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u4ee5\u793e\u533a\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u65c5\u6e38 (CBT) \u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u65c5\u6e38\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u519c\u6751\u3001\u8d2b\u56f0\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\uff09\u9080\u8bf7\u6e38\u5ba2\u53c2\u89c2\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u533a\u5e76\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fc7\u591c\u4f4f\u5bbf\u3002\u5c45\u6c11\u4f5c\u4e3a\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c7\u5458\u8d5a\u53d6\u6536\u5165\u3002\u65c5\u6e38\u6536\u5165\u7684\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u9884\u7559\u7ed9\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u9879\u76ee[17]<\/a>.\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0cCBT \u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u8d4b\u6743\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u518d\u5206\u914d\u63aa\u65bd\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u548c\u6574\u4f53\u793e\u533a\u53d1\u5c55[18]<\/a>.\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1 CBT \u56e0\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u57f9\u8bad\u8d2b\u56f0\u793e\u533a\u5e76\u5c06\u6536\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u5927\u91cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u8d5e\u8a89[19]<\/a>\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6210\u672c\u548c\u6536\u5165\u4e4b\u95f4\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6743\u8861\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u8054\u7cfb\u8584\u5f31\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u5206\u5316\u52a0\u5267\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u51b3\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f53\u5730\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u52a1\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u57f9\u8bad\u3001\u4f2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u91cd\u7ec4[20]<\/a>.\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f31\u70b9\u4f7f CBT \u6210\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u793e\u533a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d4b\u6743\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cCBT \u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u533a\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u91cd\u70b9\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6210\u679c\u7684\u6f5c\u529b[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u7ed8\u5236\u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u56fe\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u65e8\u5728\u52a0\u6df1\u65c5\u6e38\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u68c0\u67e5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6cc4\u6f0f\u5e76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55[22]<\/a>. TVC \u903b\u8f91\u4e13\u95e8\u5bfb\u6c42\u5c06\u4e1c\u9053\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6574\u5408\u5230\u6d89\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u6e38\u5ba2\u65c5\u884c\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u201c\u8282\u70b9\u201d\uff08\u4e1a\u52a1\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u5f00\u59cb\u3001\u505c\u7559\u5728\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u539f\u7c4d\u5730\u7684\u65c5\u884c[23]<\/a>. TVC \u5206\u6790\u68c0\u67e5\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u77ed\u671f\u3001\u4e2d\u671f\u548c\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u76ee\u6807\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u76ca\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7ade\u4e89\u53d1\u5c55[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0e L. Cantoni \u5408\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u5c06\u6276\u8d2b\u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\uff08\u56fe 1\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e1c\u9053\u56fd\u793e\u533a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6d41\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5730[25]<\/a>.\u5728\u6b64\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u589e\u5f3a\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u57fa\u4e8e\u56db\u4e2a\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u4e0d\u540c TVC \u7ea7\u522b\u548c\u8282\u70b9\u7684 TVC \u673a\u4f1a\u6620\u5c04\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3b\u529e\u793e\u533a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u4f30\u8ba1\u4e1c\u9053\u4e3b\u793e\u533a\u53c2\u4e0e\u786e\u5b9a\u7684 TVC \u8282\u70b9\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u63ed\u793a\u4e1c\u9053\u793e\u533a\u53c2\u4e0e\u786e\u5b9a\u7684 TVC \u8282\u70b9\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u9650\u5236\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u63a2\u7d22\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e1c\u9053\u793e\u533a\u5bf9 TVC \u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    \u56fe1<\/strong>
    \n\u7b14\u8bb0<\/em>: SMTE = \u4e2d\u5c0f\u578b\u65c5\u6e38\u4f01\u4e1a\uff1b TVC = \u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u3002
    \n\u8d44\u6e90<\/em>: RM Ndivo \u548c L. Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u80fd\uff1a\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c \u9152\u5e97\u4e0e\u65c5\u6e38\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55<\/em> 3\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 2 (2015): 116\u201334\u3002<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u5bf9\u4e1c\u9053\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6f5c\u529b\u5df2\u5f97\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u4ece\u8be5\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53d7\u5230\u6280\u672f\u3001\u521b\u4e1a\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u6846\u67b6\uff1b\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u589e\u52a0\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u7ed9\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11\u6269\u5927\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u878d\u5165\u4e3b\u6d41\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u5e73\u6743\u5e72\u9884\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u6b64\u7c7b\u5e72\u9884\u5c06\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e3a\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u4f9b\u5e94\u751a\u81f3\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u5f00\u53d1\u63d0\u4f9b\u65c5\u6e38\u4f01\u4e1a\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u533a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7eff\u8272\u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6b64\u7c7b\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6d77\u5cb8\u53ca\u5176\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u8fdb\u884c[26]<\/a>.\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5efa\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u9152\u5e97\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4ece\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u96c7\u7528\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e94\u661f\u7ea7\u9152\u5e97\uff0c\u8be5\u9152\u5e97\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5728\u9152\u5e97\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df\u57f9\u8bad\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u96c7\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u540e\u6765\u5728\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4e4c\u5854\u5229\u5b66\u9662\u63a5\u53d7\u8fdb\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u535a\u585e\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u65c5\u9986\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u8d2d\u4e70\u81f3\u5c11 30% \u7684\u98df\u7269\u3002\u8be5\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u5171\u4eab\u5176\u6807\u51c6\u91c7\u8d2d\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u7b26\u5408\u8d28\u91cf\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684 TVC \u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5230 2030 \u5e74\u201c\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u662f\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u6709\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u3001\u5e94\u5bf9\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u51cf\u5c11\u6c61\u67d3\u3001\u652f\u6301\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u518d\u751f\u548c\u751f\u7269\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ee5\u53ca\u6295\u8d44\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u5c31\u4e1a\u548c\u793e\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d77\u6d0b\u5c0f\u7ec4\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u6982\u8ff0 \u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6d77\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8f6c\u578b<\/em>.<\/strong>[27]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

    —–<\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> R. Brumbaugh \u548c P. Patil\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u65c5\u6e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u52a8\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff1a\u6295\u8d44\u6d77\u6d0b\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u521b\u9020\u6d77\u6d0b\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8bcd\u201d\uff0c \u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u535a\u5ba2<\/em>\uff0c2017 \u5e74 5 \u6708 22 \u65e5\uff0chttps:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/voices\/Sustainable-Tourism-Can-Drive-the-Blue-Economy\u3002<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> T. Ghosh\uff0c\u201c\u6cbf\u6d77\u65c5\u6e38\uff1a\u673a\u9047\u4e0e\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u201d\uff0c \u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u6742\u5fd7<\/em> 4 (2011): 67-70\u3002<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> \u4e16\u754c\u65c5\u6e38\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08UNWTO\uff09\uff0c \u5bf9\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u7684\u63f4\u52a9<\/em> \uff08\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\uff1a\u4e16\u65c5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c2013 \u5e74\uff09\uff1b Brumbaugh \u548c Patil\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u52a8\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> UNWTO, \u201cTourism in Small Island Developing States (SIDS),\u201d 2014, https:\/\/www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.18111\/9789284416257#:~:text=As%20one%20of%20the%20fastest,Competing%20in%20the%20global%20market; P. Karani and P. Failler, \u201cComparative Coastal and Marine Tourism, Climate Change, and the Blue Economy in African Large Marine Ecosystems,\u201d \u73af\u5883\u53d1\u5c55<\/em> 36 (2020): 100572.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> \u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c 2020 \u5e74\u6b27\u76df\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u62a5\u544a<\/em> \uff08\u5362\u68ee\u5821\uff1a\u6b27\u76df\u51fa\u7248\u5c40\uff0c2020\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Brumbaugh \u548c Patil\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u52a8\u84dd\u8272\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> \u4eac\u4e1c\u514b\u83b1\u6069\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u95ee\u9898\u6982\u8ff0<\/em> \uff08\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\uff0c2001 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> \u73af\u5883\u7f72\u6280\u672f\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f8\uff08UNEPTIE\uff09\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55<\/em>\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u89c4\u5212\u7f72\uff0c2006 \u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> \u4e0d\u7231\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> RM Ndivo \u548c L. Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u80fd\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c \u9152\u5e97\u4e0e\u65c5\u6e38\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u5c55<\/em> 3\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 2 (2015): 116\u201334; RM Ndivo \u548c L. Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u53c2\u4e0e\u65c5\u6e38\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u7814\u7a76\u5e74\u9274<\/em> 57 (2016): 275\u201378; I. Lejarraja \u548c P. Walkenhorst\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u6df1\u5316\u4e0e\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u6837\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u90e8\uff0c2007 \u5e74\uff1b C. Ashley\u3001D. Roe \u548c H. Goodwin\uff0c \u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u6218\u7565\uff1a\u8ba9\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4e3a\u7a77\u4eba\u670d\u52a1<\/em>, \u6276\u8d2b\u65c5\u6e38\u62a5\u544a\u53f7\u3002 1\uff08\u4f26\u6566\uff1a\u6d77\u5916\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u548c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u65c5\u6e38\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u683c\u6797\u5a01\u6cbb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c2001 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> Ndivo \u548c Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u80fd\u201d\uff0c118\u3002<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Ndivo \u548c Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u80fd\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> UNWTO \u548c Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u4e0e\u6276\u8d2b\u624b\u518c\uff1a\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5b9e\u7528\u6b65\u9aa4<\/em> \uff08\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\uff1a\u4e16\u65c5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c2010 \u5e74\uff09\uff1b\u963f\u5361\u739b\uff081999\uff09\uff1b W. Jamieson\u3001H. Goodwin \u548c C. Edmunds\uff0c\u201c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u5bf9\u51cf\u8f7b\u8d2b\u56f0\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u548c\u8861\u91cf\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6311\u6218\u201d\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4e9a\u6d32\u53ca\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fd0\u8f93\u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u53f8\uff0c2004 \u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> C. Ashley \u548c J. Mitchell\uff0c\u201c\u505a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5927\u7ea6\u4e0d\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a\u76d1\u6d4b\u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u4e2d\u6276\u8d2b\u5e72\u9884\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6311\u6218\u201d\uff08\u4f26\u6566\uff1a\u6d77\u5916\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c2008 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> \u56fd\u9645\u53d1\u5c55\u90e8\uff0c\u201c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e0e\u6d88\u9664\u8d2b\u56f0\uff1a\u672a\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u201d\uff0c1999 \u5e74\uff1b T. Sofield\u3001J. Bauer\u3001TD Lacy\u3001G. Lipman \u548c S. Daugherty\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u65c5\u6e38\u2014\u2014\u6d88\u9664\u8d2b\u56f0\uff1a\u6982\u8ff0\u201d\uff08\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u9ec4\u91d1\u6d77\u5cb8\uff1a\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u65c5\u6e38\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c2004 \u5e74\uff09\uff1b A. Rossetto\u3001T. Sofield \u548c FMS Li\uff0c\u201c\u5c06\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51cf\u8d2b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b9e\u73b0\u6210\u679c\u201d\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u4f11\u95f2\u7814\u7a76<\/em> 32\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 1 (2007): 49-58\u3002<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> DW Barasa\uff0c\u201c\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a Msambweni \u533a\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u3001\u8d2b\u56f0\u548c\u51cf\u8d2b\u201d\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u798f\u5fb7\u90e1\u5927\u5b66\uff0c2010 \u5e74\uff0chttp:\/\/uobrep.openrepository.com\u3002<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> J. Francis\uff0c\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u793e\u533a\u65c5\u6e38\uff1f\u201d \u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u65c5\u884c<\/em>, https:\/\/www.responsibletravel.com\/copy\/what-is-community-based-tourism\u3002<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> A. Giampiccoli \u548c M. Saayman\uff0c\u201c\u65c5\u6e38\/\u793e\u533a\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u8d4b\u6743\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c \u975e\u6d32\u9152\u5e97\u65c5\u6e38\u4e0e\u4f11\u95f2\u6742\u5fd7<\/em> 7\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 4\uff082018\uff09\uff1a1-27\u3002<\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> J. Mitchell \u548c C. Coles\uff0c \u52a0\u5f3a\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u793e\u533a\u5bf9\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a\u65c5\u6e38\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e<\/em> \uff08\u4f26\u6566\uff1a\u6d77\u5916\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c2009\uff09\uff1b D. \u54c8\u91cc\u68ee\uff0c\u201c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\uff1a\u6279\u5224\u201d\uff0c \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u5b63\u520a<\/em> 29\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 5 (2008): 851\u201368, doi:10.1080\/01436590802105983\u3002<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> Ndivo \u548c Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u533a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u80fd\u201d\uff1b J. Mitchell\u3001J. Keane \u548c C. Coles\uff0c \u5411\u4e0a\u4ea4\u6613\uff1a\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u519c\u6751\u8d2b\u56f0\u4eba\u53e3\u53d7\u76ca<\/em>, Comercio y Pobreza en Latino Am\u00e9rica and Overseas Development Institute, 2009, https:\/\/odi.org\/en\/publications\/trading-up-how-a-value-chain-approach-can-benefit-the-rural-poor\/ .<\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> Ndivo \u548c Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u80fd\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> Ashley \u548c Mitchell\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u7ea6\u505a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u505a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> \u4e16\u65c5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c \u5bf9\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u7684\u63f4\u52a9<\/em> \uff08\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u65c5\u6e38\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c2013 \u5e74\uff09\uff1b Ashley \u548c Mitchell\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u7ea6\u505a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u505a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

    [24]<\/a> J. Gollub\u3001A. Hosier \u548c G. Woo\uff0c\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u96c6\u7fa4\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6218\u7565\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u6d41\u5931\u201d\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4e16\u754c\u65c5\u6e38\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c2003 \u5e74\uff1b\u963f\u4ec0\u5229\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c \u6276\u8d2b\u65c5\u6e38\u6218\u7565<\/em>; D. Roe \u548c P. Urquhart\uff0c\u201c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7a77\u4eba\u670d\u52a1\u201d\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c2001 \u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

    [25]<\/a> Ndivo \u548c Cantoni\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u589e\u5f3a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u80fd\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

    [26]<\/a> RM Ndivo\uff0c\u201c\u5728 AfCFTA \u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8bc4\u4f30\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff08\u7eff\u8272\uff09\u65c5\u6e38\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u975e\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u672a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c2022 \u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

    [27]<\/a> \u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6d77\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c \u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6d77\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\uff1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u613f\u666f<\/em>, 2021.<\/p>\n

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     <\/p>\n

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