{"id":3996,"date":"2022-06-20T04:32:32","date_gmt":"2022-06-20T04:32:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oceanpanel.org\/?post_type=perspective&p=3996"},"modified":"2025-01-27T18:54:00","modified_gmt":"2025-01-27T18:54:00","slug":"amran-hamzah-equity-ensuring-everyone-can-benefit-from-ocean-tourism","status":"publish","type":"perspective","link":"https:\/\/oceanpanel.org\/zh\/perspective\/amran-hamzah-equity-ensuring-everyone-can-benefit-from-ocean-tourism\/","title":{"rendered":"Amran Hamzah \u2014 \u516c\u5e73\uff1a\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u4ece\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u4ece 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u5230 1980 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u5bf9\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u5c9b\u5c7f\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u901a\u8fc7\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u533a\u56e0\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u6216\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\uff0c\u542b\u84c4\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u516c[1]<\/a>.\u5230 1990 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u533a\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u65c5\u6e38\u86cb\u7cd5\u4e2d\u5360\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u4efd\u989d[2]<\/a>. 2000 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u65c5\u6e38\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u5e94\u7528\u76f8\u5173\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u8c03\u67e5\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u5bf9\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u67e5\u5c45\u6c11\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7406\u8bba\uff08SET\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5047\u5b9a\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff08\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\uff09\u6c34\u5e73\u5c06\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4ea4\u6362\u201d\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5229\u76ca[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136 SET \u90e8\u5206\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u65e9\u5148\u5173\u4e8e\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u5c9b\u5c7f\u793e\u533a\u53ea\u662f\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u7684\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46 1980 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u5c9b\u5c7f\u65c5\u6e38\u5730\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u63a2\u7d22\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6b63\u89c4\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4e0e\u975e\u6b63\u89c4\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u8005\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u6216\u7ec6\u5206\u5e02\u573a\u65b9\u9762\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u7cfb[4]<\/a>.\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u9152\u5e97\u548c\u5ea6\u5047\u6751\u3001\u9910\u9986\u3001\u8d2d\u7269\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6d77\u4e0a\u8fd0\u52a8\u573a\u6240\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u5df4\u58eb\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u95e8\u5305\u62ec\u6728\u5c4b\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u644a\u4f4d\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u3001\u6f5c\u6c34\u5546\u5e97\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 \u7b03\u7b03\u3002 <\/em>\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u5730\uff0c\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u95e8\u5e26\u5934\u53d1\u5c55\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u5c9b\u5c7f\u65c5\u6e38\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u56fd\u9645\u8fde\u9501\u9152\u5e97\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u6177\u6168\u7684\u7a0e\u6536\u51cf\u514d\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u5e9c\u6fc0\u52b1\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6d41\u6d6a\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u504f\u8fdc\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u975e\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u6709\u673a\u589e\u957f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6b63\u89c4\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u5c9b\u5c7f\u793e\u533a\u5f00\u59cb\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4f4f\u5bbf\u548c\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 A \u578b\u6728\u5c4b\u3001\u5c0f\u6728\u5c4b\u548c\u98df\u54c1\u644a\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u80cc\u5305\u5ba2\u5c0f\u5f84\u6cbf\u7ebf\u5f92\u6b65\u65c5\u884c\u8005\u7684\u9700\u6c42[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81ea 1990 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u65c5\u6e38\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u975e\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d8b\u540c\uff0c\u5165\u4f4f\u6b63\u89c4\u5ea6\u5047\u6751\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u4e0d\u518d\u72b9\u8c6b\u8d2d\u4e70\u8857\u5934\u98df\u54c1\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u5730\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u82b1\u4e00\u4e9b\u94b1\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5bb6\u5ead\u8fc7\u591c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u5e02\uff0c\u4ece\u72ec\u7acb\u4ee3\u7406\u5546\u5904\u9884\u8ba2\u4e00\u65e5\u6e38\u7684\u80cc\u5305\u5ba2\u6700\u7ec8\u4e0e\u6765\u81ea\u6b63\u89c4\u9152\u5e97\u7684\u5305\u88f9\u6e38\u5ba2\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u8f86\u65c5\u6e38\u5927\u5df4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53c2\u89c2\u548c\u4f53\u9a8c\u6e44\u516c\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u666f\u70b9[6]<\/a>.\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u8bf4\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u793e\u533a\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u65c5\u6e38\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u6216\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8d22\u5bcc\u521b\u9020\u548c\u5206\u914d\u65b9\u9762\u5b9e\u73b0\u516c\u5e73\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u5347\u975e\u6b63\u89c4\u65c5\u6e38\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff09\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u515c\u552e\u5c0f\u9970\u54c1\u3001\u6210\u4e3a\u6d77\u6ee9\u7537\u5b69\u6216\u5728\u7ea2\u706f\u533a\u88ab\u5265\u524a\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u5bf9\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u5c9b\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u5c31\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc 85% \u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u8d22\u4ea7\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u975e\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8be5\u5c9b 65% \u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90[7]<\/a>.\u5916\u90e8\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u7528\u6c34\uff0c\u538b\u5012\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u82cf\u5df4\u514b<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u76d0\u6c34\u7684\u4fb5\u5165\u3001\u6c34\u8d28\u6076\u5316\u548c\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u7528\u6c34\u9700\u6c42\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u662f\u975e\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u522b\u5885\u7684\u4fb5\u5360\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u81ea 9 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u4f20\u7edf\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u7ba1\u7406\u5236\u5ea6\u9010\u6e10\u74e6\u89e3\u7684\u8868\u73b0[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u63d0\u5347\u672c\u5730\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u9014\u5f84<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u5c9b\u5c7f\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u6539\u5584\u5c0f\u989d\u4fe1\u8d37\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u6210\u529f\u7ecf\u8425\u5fae\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d44\u91d1\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6269\u5927\u548c\u5411\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u4e0a\u6e38\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u3002 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c0f\u578b\u65c5\u6e38\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u7684 A \u578b\u6846\u67b6\u5c0f\u5c4b\u548c\u5c0f\u6728\u5c4b\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\uff0c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u5728 1990 \u5e74\u4ee3\u4e3a\u6b64\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5c0f\u989d\u4fe1\u8d37\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7279\u522b\u65c5\u6e38\u57fa\u91d1 (STF) \u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u57fa\u91d1 (TIF)\u3002\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d37\u6b3e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6210\u529f\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u62b5\u62bc\u54c1\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6240\u6709\u6743\uff1b\u672a\u80fd\u5236\u5b9a\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u9075\u5b88\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u6295\u8d44\u56de\u62a5\u671f\u77ed\u4e8e\u65c5\u6e38\u4f01\u4e1a\u5178\u578b 10 \u5e74\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u652f\u4ed8\u94f6\u884c\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u65c5\u6e38\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4e0a\u8bb8\u591a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u9053\u8def\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ef4\u62a4\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u3001\u6539\u5584\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u901a\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7eff\u8272\u4e3e\u63aa\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u4ecd\u7136\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u5177\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6d41\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u4e00\u969c\u788d\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u6539\u53d8\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u79fb\u52a8\u54a8\u8be2\u90e8\u95e8\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u6280\u672f\u548c\u8d22\u52a1\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u534f\u52a9\u5236\u5b9a\u5546\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\uff0c\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7533\u8bf7 STF \u548c TIF \u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u79fb\u52a8\u54a8\u8be2\u90e8\u95e8\u5e94\u8054\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u826f\u597d\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5411\u4ef7\u503c\u94fe\u4e0a\u6e38\u79fb\u52a8\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u65e5\u76ca\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u63d0\u5347\u5f53\u5730\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u80fd\u529b\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u8d4b\u4e88\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u51b3\u7b56\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u6216\u7ba1\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u534f\u4f5c\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5987\u5973\u3001\u9752\u5e74\u548c\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\uff09\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u5f0f\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u6216\u672c\u571f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7eb3\u5165\u6b63\u5f0f\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u52bf\u5728\u5fc5\u884c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u867d\u7136 2016 \u5e74\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u6c99\u5df4\u6566\u7a46\u65af\u5854\u6cd5\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u5baa\u62a5\u663e\u7740\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8be5\u5dde\u6d77\u6d0b\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u9274\u4e8e\u6709 80,000 \u540d\u5c45\u6c11\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6d77\u6d0b\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\uff09\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u8fd1 90 \u4e07\u516c\u9877\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5185\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf[10]<\/a>.\u5728\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b \u82cf\u5df4\u514b<\/em> \u6216\u6c34\u5e99\u7f51\u7edc\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7684\u7528\u6c34\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6c34\u6765\u51c6\u5907\u98df\u7269\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5bb6\u5ead\u7528\u9014\u7684\u5987\u5973[11]<\/a>.\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f \u82cf\u5df4\u514b<\/em> \u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u88ab\u5916\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u201c\u522b\u5885\u201d\uff08\u7528\u8bcd\u4e0d\u5f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u522b\u5885\u201d\u5728\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709 200 \u591a\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\uff09\u4fb5\u5360\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u590d\u5174\u571f\u8457\u6c34\u5e99\u7cfb\u7edf[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u786e\u4fdd\u6cbf\u6d77\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u91c7\u7528\u534f\u4f5c\u7ba1\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e94\u7eb3\u5165\u57fa\u4e8e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u7eb3\u5165\u65e5\u76ca\u53d7\u5230\u6743\u529b\u52a8\u6001\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u786e\u4fdd\u5e73\u6743\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u4fbf\u5229\u5316\u5411\u4e0b\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5c42\u9762\u4e5f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u2014\u8d4b\u4e88\u76ee\u6807\u63a5\u53d7\u8005\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u589e\u52a0\u65c5\u6e38\u86cb\u7cd5\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u589e\u52a0\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u4efd\u989d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u627f\u8bfa\u3002<\/p>\n

—–<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> E. Cohen\uff0c\u201c\u8fb9\u7f18\u5929\u5802\uff1a\u6cf0\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u5c9b\u5c7f\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u623f\u65c5\u6e38\u201d\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u7814\u7a76\u5e74\u9274<\/em> 9\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 2 (1982): 189\u2013228; K. Din\uff0c\u201c\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u7814\u7a76\u5e74\u9274<\/em> 15\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 4 (1988): 563\u201366; B.\u9e1f\uff0c \u5170\u5361\u5a01\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u9a6c\u82cf\u91cc\u5230\u9a6c\u54c8\u8482\u5c14\uff1a\u4e3a\u8c01\u65c5\u6e38\uff1f<\/em> \uff08\u5409\u9686\u5761\uff1a\u4ec1\u5c71\uff0c1989 \u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> A. Hamzah\uff0c\u201c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff1a\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u673a\u9047\u548c\u5bf9\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\uff0c\u5728 \u65c5\u6e38\u4e0e\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\uff1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u539f\u5219<\/em>, \u7531 MJ Stabler \u7f16\u8f91\uff0c199\u2013217\uff08\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff1aCAB International\uff0c1997\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> J. Ap\uff0c\u201c\u5c45\u6c11\u5bf9\u65c5\u6e38\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u7814\u7a76\u5e74\u9274<\/em> 19\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 2 (1992): 665\u201390; R. Nunkoo\uff0c\u201c\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u5730\u5229\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u6362\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u5c45\u6c11\u5bf9\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c Procedia \u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d<\/em> 39 (2016): 588\u201396\u3002<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u79d1\u6069\uff0c\u201c\u8fb9\u7f18\u5929\u5802\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> MP Hampton \u548c A. Hamzah\uff0c\u201c\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\uff1a\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u80cc\u5305\u5ba2\u8def\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c \u6210\u957f\u4e0e\u53d8\u5316<\/em> 47\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 4 (2016): 556\u201371\u3002<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u65c5\u6e38\u90e8\uff08\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\uff09\uff0c \u80cc\u5305\u5ba2\u65c5\u6e38\u5bf9\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u548c\u8d21\u732e\u7814\u7a76<\/em>, 2008.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> S. Cole\uff0c\u201c\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u516c\u5e73\u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6001\u5b66\uff1a\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff0c \u65c5\u6e38\u7814\u7a76\u5e74\u9274<\/em> 19\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 2\uff082012 \u5e74 4 \u6708\uff09\uff1a1221\u201341\u3002<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> JS Lansing\uff0c\u201c\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u2018\u6c34\u5e99\u2019\u548c\u704c\u6e89\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\uff0c \u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6<\/em> 89\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002 2 (1987): 326\u201341; C.\u9c8d\u5fb7\u6e29\uff0c\u5bfc\u6f14\uff0c\u00a0 \u65af\u8482\u82ac <\/em>\u5170\u8f9b\uff0c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1a\u5df4\u5398\u5c9b\u4e00\u5343\u5e74<\/em>\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u7535\u5f71\uff0c2006 \u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u65c5\u6e38\u3001\u827a\u672f\u548c\u6587\u5316\u90e8\uff08\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\uff09\uff0c 2020-2030 \u5e74\u56fd\u5bb6\u65c5\u6e38\u653f\u7b56<\/em> (2020).<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u6c99\u5df4\u516c\u56ed\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff0c \u6566\u7a46\u65af\u5854\u6cd5\u516c\u56ed<\/em>, 2022, https:\/\/www.sabahparks.org.my\/tun-mustapha-park\u3002<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Cole\uff0c\u201c\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u516c\u5e73\u4e0e\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Cole\uff0c\u201c\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u516c\u5e73\u4e0e\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

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